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2.
J. bras. med ; 102(3)jul. 2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-719968

ABSTRACT

O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) apresenta alta prevalência, com aumento inclusive em crianças e adolescentes. A importância de um estrito controle glicêmico pode ser comprovada com a redução das complicações crônicas microvasculares. Já em relação à redução da doença macrovascular, principal causa de mortalidade nestes pacientes, são fundamentais o controle da glicemia, bem como de outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares, tais como hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia, peso, e a manutenção de hábitos saudáveis de vida. Temos vários medicamentos para o tratamento do DM2, sendo que a metformina é ainda a droga de primeira escolha, devido ao seu baixo custo e eficácia comprovada...


Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is highly prevalent and is increasing even in children and adolescents. The importance of strict glycemic control can be proven to reduce chronic microvascular complications. Regarding the reduction of macrovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in these patients, it is essential tight glycemic control, as well as other cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, weight control, and maintaining healthy lifestyles. We have a lot of drugs for the treatment of DM2, and metformin is still the drug of first choice due to its low cost and proven effectiveness...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , /drug therapy , Metformin/therapeutic use , Administration, Oral , alpha-Glucosidases , Sulfonylurea Compounds/therapeutic use , Glycemic Index , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Incretins/therapeutic use , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/agonists , Thiazolidinediones/therapeutic use
3.
J. bras. med ; 100(4): 7-12, Set.-Out. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-670536

ABSTRACT

O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) apresenta alta prevalência, com aumento inclusive em crianças e adolescentes. A importância de um estrito controle glicêmico pode ser comprovada com a redução das complicações crônicas microvasculares. Já em relação à redução da doença macrovascular, principal causa de mortalidade nestes pacientes, são fundamentais o controle da glicemia, bem como de outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares, tais como hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia, peso, e a manutenção de hábitos saudáveis de vida. Temos vários medicamentos para o tratamento do DM2, sendo que a metformina é ainda a droga de primeira escolha, devido ao seu baixo custo e eficácia comprovada.


Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is highly prevalent and is increasing even in children and adolescents. The importance of strict glycemic control can be proven to reduce chronic microvascular complications. Regarding the reduction of macrovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in these patients, it is essential tight glycemic control, as well as other cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, weight control, and maintaining healthy lifestyles. We have a lot of drugs for the treatment of DM2, and metformin is still the drug of first choice due to its low cost and proven effectiveness.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , /drug therapy , Glycemic Index , Metformin/therapeutic use , Diabetic Angiopathies/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Hyperglycemia/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Incretins/therapeutic use , Metformin/administration & dosage
4.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 23(3): 213-218, 2012. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-695633

ABSTRACT

Incretins are gut hormones that are released from gut endocrine cells following oral ingestion of nutrients. The incretin hormones include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and lucosedependentinsulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). GIP and GLP-1 are jointly responsible for the socalled “incretin effect”. That is, oral administration of an amount of glucose causes a greater stimulus of insulin secretion than the same amount of glucose administered by the intravenous route. Both incretins potentiate glucose-dependent insulin secretion and enhance beta-cell massthrough regulation of beta-cell proliferation, neogenesis and apoptosis. In contrast, GLP-1, but not GIP, inhibits gastric emptying, glucagon secretion, and food intake. The incretins share similar effects on the pancreatic beta cell; however, there are a number of differences in extrapancreatic actions. Both incretins are rapidly deactivated by an enzyme called dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with abnormal incretin physiology, the incretin effect is severely reduced or absent. In patients with T2DM the secretion of GIP is nearnormal, but its effect on insulin secretion is severely impaired. GLP-1 secretion, on the other hand, is also impaired, but its insulinotropic action is preserved, although the potency of GLP-1 in this respect is decreased compared to healthy subjets.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Incretins/administration & dosage , Incretins/metabolism , Incretins/therapeutic use , Bariatric Surgery
5.
J. bras. med ; 99(2): 32-38, jun.-set. 2011. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-616480

ABSTRACT

O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) está alcançando proporções epidêmicas, e embora as mudanças no estilo de vida possam manter o controle glicêmico, o curso da doença, em longo prazo, requer algum tipo de intervenção farmacológica. É bem conhecido que os indivíduos que se mantêm mal controlados apresentam mais complicações macro e microvasculares e a redução da hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) diminui significativamente o risco de desenvolvimento de complicações microvasculares em pacientes com DM2. Atualmente há seis classes de antidiabéticos orais: sulfonilureias, meglitinidas, biguanidas, tiazolidinedionas (TZDs), inibidores da alfa-glicosidase e os incretinomiméticos. As sulfonilureias e as meglitinidas estimulam a secreção de insulina; a metformina age principalmente suprimindo a produção hepática de glicose; as tiazolidinedionas melhoram a resistência periférica à insulina e os inibidores da alfa-glicosidase retardam a degredação e a digestão dos carboidratos complexos no intestino. Uma nova opção terapêutica para o DM2 são as drogas incretinomiméticas. Dentre elas temos os análogos de GLP-1 (exenatida e liraglutida) e os inibidores da DPP-IV. Ambos estimulam a secreção de insulina, suprimem a secreção de glucagon e desaceleram o esvaziamento gástrico; a redução de peso é característica dos análogos. O bom controle glicêmico em longo prazo e a prevenção do DM2 requerem uma abordagem agressiva e abrangente. No entanto, uma vez instalada a doença, além das modificações do estilo de vida, o tratamento farmacológico deve ser iniciado e cuidadosamente monitorado, com o uso de drogas que agem nos diversos mecanismos fisiopatológicos conhecidos. Novos estudos serão sempre necessários para se obter mais informações a respeito do diabetes e, assim, aprimorar o desenvolvimento de novas drogas.


The type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the worldwide and lifestyle modification provide insufficient glucose control over the long-term course of the disease, the vast majority of patients require some type of pharmacological intervention. Several studies have shown that individuals who remain poorly controlled have more macro and microvascular complications and the decrease in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) significantly reduces the risk of developing microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. At the moment, there are six classes of oral antidiabetics drugs: sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides (metformin), thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone), alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose) and incretin-mimetics drugs. The sulfonylureas and meglitinide acting insulin secretion; metformin acts primarily by suppressing hepatic glucose production; thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance; and alpha-glucosidade inhibitors retard the degradation and digestion of complex carbohydrates in the intestine and incretin-mimetics drugs that stimulate insulin secretion, suppress glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying and weight loss (it is characteristic of the GLP-1 analogues). The good longterm glycemic control and prevention of type 2 diabetes requires an aggressive and comprehensive approach. However, once installed the disease, in addition to lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy should be initiated and carefully monitored using drugs that act on different pathophysiologicals mechanisms. New studies are always necessary to obtain more information about diabetes and thus improve the development of new drugs.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Biguanides/therapeutic use , Sulfonylurea Compounds/therapeutic use , Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors , /prevention & control , /drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Incretins/therapeutic use , Life Style , Thiazolidinediones/therapeutic use , alpha-Glucosidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Blood Glucose/analysis , Blood Glucose
6.
J. bras. med ; 98(5): 23-30, out.-dez. 2010. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-575355

ABSTRACT

A Federação Internacional de Diabetes (/DF) publicou novos dados indicando a enormidade da epidemia mundial da doença. Esses dados demonstram que o diabetes afeta atualmente 246 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, sendo que 46% destes com idades entre 40 e 59 anos. Dados atuais predizem que, se nada for feito, o número total de portadores de diabetes ultrapassará 380 milhões de pessoas em 20 anos. O estilo de vida moderno trouxe inúmeras mudanças de hábito e comportamento, como menor tempo dedicado à prática de atividades físicas regulares, um cotidiano mais estressante, além da maior oferta de alimentos industrializados, ricos em carboidratos simples e gorduras, pobres em fibras, minerais e vitaminas. Atualmente dedica-se mais tempo a atividades em frente às telas de computadores e a jogos de videogame e programas de televisão. Como consequência, tem-se observado maior incidência de doenças metabólicas, tais como obesidade, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), dislipidemia e, portanto, doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs), gerando a necessidade crescente de pesquisas em busca de novas opções terapêuticas para estas doenças. O presente trabalho visa fazer uma breve revisão sobre os avanços terapêuticos do diabetes mellitus tipo 2.


The International Diabetes Federation (/DF) has published new data indicating the enormity of the diabetes epidemic in the globe. That data show that the disease now affects a staggering 246 million people worldwide, with 46% of a11 those affected in the 40-59 age group. The new data predict that the total number of people living with diabetes will skyrocket to 380 million within twenty years if nothing is done. The modern life style has brought many changes such as more variety of food rich in sugar, fat and poor in fiber, vitamins and minerals, less time to practice a regular physical activity and a more stressful lifestyle. Nowadays, people spend more time in front of their computers, playing video games and watching programs of TV. As a consequence, many metabolic diseases have been increasing such as obesity, type I1 diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases, leading the growing necessity of researches for new therapeutic options to these diseases. This article is a short review of type II diabetes mellitus's new treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , /complications , /epidemiology , /etiology , /physiopathology , /therapy , Biguanides/therapeutic use , Diabetes Complications/classification , Sulfonylurea Compounds/therapeutic use , Incretins/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Diabetic Nephropathies/physiopathology , Diabetic Neuropathies/physiopathology , Obesity/complications , Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology , Thiazolidinediones/therapeutic use
7.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 47(3): 39-54, jul.-set. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-641977

ABSTRACT

En los últimos años se reconoce un nuevo mecanismo involucrado en la fisiopatología de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: el déficit de producción y/o acción de las incretinas. Las incretinas son enterohormonas que estimulan la secreción de insulina en respuesta a la ingesta de nutrientes. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP1) y Polipéptido insulinotrópico glucosa dependiente (GIP) son las principales incretinas descubiertas hasta hoy. Ambas presentan también efecto trófico sobre las células beta de los islotes pancreáticos. GLP-1 presenta otras acciones como son la inhibición de la secreción de glucagón, enlentecimiento del vaciamiento gástrico e inhibición del apetito. Ambas incretinas son rápidamente clivadas por la enzima dipeptidil peptidasa 4 (DPP-4). Nuevas drogas como los incretinomiméticos, análogos y los inhibidores de DPP-4 se presentan como una terapéutica prometedora para los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Conflicto de intereses: Dr. León Litwak - Miembro del Board Latinoamericano de Eli Lilly y Sanofi Aventis - Miembro del Board Nacional de los laboratorios Novo Nordisk, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Aventis, Boheringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers, Astra Zeneca - Investigador principal de protocolos pertenecientes a Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Takeda, PPDF, Pfizer, Merck Sharp and Dôhme, Amger, Roche, Minimed, Quintiles - Conferencista de los laboratorios mencionados.


Two main pathophysiological mechanisms are currently involved in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM), insulin resistance and impairment of beta cell function. However, in recent years a new mechanism was reported: a significant decrease in incretins production and/or action. Incretins are gastrointestinal hormones whose main action is stimulating insulin secretion in response to nutrients. The best known incretins are glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Gastric insulinotropic peptide (GIP). GLP-1 and GIP not only increase insulin secretion, but also decrease glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying and reduce apetite, generating weight loss. Both incretins are rapidly clived by the enzyme dipeptidil peptidase 4 (DPP4). In order to emulate incretins action, several drugs were developed: GLP-1 receptor agonists, GLP-1 mimetics, and DPP4 inhibitors. All of them seem to became a very promising tool for the treatment of T2DM. Financial Interests: Dr. León Litwak - Member of the Latin American Board of Eli Lilly and Sanofi Aventis - Member of the National Board of the following laboratories: Novo Nordisk, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKlein Sanofi, Aventis, Boheringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers, Astra Zeneca - Principal Investigator of Protocols from: Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKlein, Takeda, PPDF, Pfizer, Merck Sharp and Dôhme, Amgen, Roche, Minimed, Quintiles - Lecturer for the former laboratories.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Incretins/therapeutic use , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/agonists , Incretins/metabolism
9.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 47(1): 36-51, ene.-abr. 2010. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-641966

ABSTRACT

En los últimos años se reconoce un nuevo mecanismo involucrado en la fisiopatología de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: el déficit de producción y/o acción de las incretinas. Las incretinas son enterohormonas que estimulan la secreción de insulina en respuesta a la ingesta de nutrientes. Glucagon like péptido-1 (GLP1) y Polipéptido insulinotrópico glucosa dependiente (GIP) son las principales incretinas descubiertas hasta hoy. Ambas presentan también efecto trófico sobre las células beta de los islotes pancreáticos. GLP-1 presenta otras acciones como son la inhibición de la secreción de glucagón, enlentecimiento del vaciamiento gástrico e inhibición del apetito. Ambas incretinas son rápidamente clivadas por la enzima dipeptidil peptidasa 4 (DPP-4). Nuevas drogas como los incretinomiméticos, análogos y los inhibidores de DPP-4 se presentan como una terapéutica prometedora para los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2.


Two main patophysiological mechanisms are currently involved in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM), insulin resistance and impairment of beta cell function. However in the last years a new mechanism was reported: a significant decrease in incretins production and or action. Incretins are gut hormones whose main action is stimulating insulin secretion in response to nutrients. The more known incretins are glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Gastric insulinothropic peptide (GIP). GLP-1 and GIP not only increase insulin secretion, nor decrease glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying and reduce apetite generating weight lose. Both incretins are rapidly clived by the enzyme dipeptidil peptidase 4 (DPP4). In order to emulate incretins action, several drugs where developed: agonists of GLP-1 receptors, GLP-1 mimetics, and inhibitors of the DPP4. All of them seems to became a very promise tool for the treatment of T2DM.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Incretins/physiology , Incretins/therapeutic use , Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/physiology , Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/metabolism , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/physiology , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism , Incretins/metabolism
10.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2010. 123 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-665408

ABSTRACT

A intervenção farmacológica pode minimizar ou até mesmo reverter o remodelamento adverso em órgãos num modelo de síndrome metabólica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos das monoterapias e associações medicamentosas sobre a morfologia do tecido adiposo, remodelamento hepático e pancreático em camundongos C57b1/6 alimentados com dieta very high-fat. Camundongos C57b1/6 machos foram alimentados com dieta very high-fat (HF, 60% de lipídios) ou dieta padrão (SC, 10% de lipídios) por 10 semanas, quando foram iniciados os tratamentos: HF-T (HF + Telmisartana, 5.2mg/Kg/dia), HF-S (HF + Sitagliptina, 1.08g/Kg/dia), HF-M (HF + Metformina, 310.0mg/Kg/dia) e as associações medicamentosas HF-TM, HF-TS e HF-SM. Os grupos tratados também tiveram livre acesso à dieta high fat e os tratamentos duraram 6 semanas. Técnicas morfométricas, estereológicas, imunohistoquímicas, ELISA, western blotting e microscopia eletrônica foram utilizadas. A dieta high-fat causou sobrepeso, intolerância oral à glucose, hiperinsulinemia, hipertrofia de ilhotas e adipócitos, grau 2 de esteatose hepatica (<33%) redução da expressão de PPAR-alfa e de GLUT-2, concomitante com aumento da expressão de SREBP-1 no grupo HF (P<0.0001). Por outro lado, todos os tratamentos resultaram resultaram em perda de peso significativa, reversão da resistência à insulina, hipertrofia de ilhotas e adipócitos e alívio da esteatose hepática. Somente os grupos HF-T e HF-TS apresentaram massa corporal similar ao grupo SC ao final do experimento, sendo que o último também apresentou reversão da esteatose hepática. O aumento da expressão do PPAR-alfa paralelamente ao decréscimo da expressão do SREBP-1 explica os achados favoráveis para o fígado. A normalização do tamanho do adipócito foi consistente com os níveis maiores de adiponectina e com a redução dos níveis de TNT-alfa (P<0.0001) nos grupos tratados. Todos os tratamentos foram eficazes para controlar a síndrome metabólica. Os melhores resultados ...


Pharmacological intervention can minimize or even reverse remodeling due to metabolic syndrome. This work sought to evaluate the effects of monotherapies and combinations of drugs on insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue morphology, pancreatic and hepatic remodeling in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a very high-fat diet (HF, 60% lipids) or standard chow (SC, 10% lipids) over 10 weeks, after which drug treatments began: HF-T (HF + Telmisartan, 5.2mg/Kg/day), HF-S (HF + Sitagliptin, 1.08g/Kg/day), HF-M (HF + Metformin, 310.0mg/Kg/day) and the drug combinations HF-TM, HF-TS and HF-SM. Treated groups also had free access to HF diet and treatments lasted 6 weeks. Morphometry, stereological tools, immunostaining, ELISA, Western blotting and electron microscopy were used. The HF diet yielded an overweight phenotype, oral glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertrophied islets and adipocytes, stage 2 steatosis (<33%) and reduced liver PPAR-alpha and GLUT-2, concomitant with enhanced SREBP-1 expression, in the HF group (P<0.0001). Conversely, all drug treatments resulted in significant weight loss, reversed insulin resistance, islet and adipocyte hypertrophy and alleviated hepatic steatosis. Only HF-T and HF-TS presented body weights similar to SC mice at the end of the experiment and the latter treatment reversed hepatic steatosis. Increased PPAR-alpha immunostaining parallel to higher GLUT-2 and reduced SREBP-1 expression explain the favourable hepatic outcomes. Restoration of adipocyte size was consistent with higher adiponectin levels and lower TNF-alpha levels (P<0.0001) in treated groups. In conclusion, all treatments were effective in controlling metabolic syndrome. The best results were achieved using telmisartan and sitagliptin as monotherapies or as a dual treatment, combining partial PPAR-gamma agonism and PPAR-alpha activation in the liver with extended incretin action


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Mice , Fatty Liver/drug therapy , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Incretins/pharmacology , Incretins/therapeutic use , Pancreas , Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology , Adipose Tissue , Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors , Metformin/pharmacology , Obesity/drug therapy , Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy
12.
Prensa méd. argent ; 95(8): 505-511, oct. 2008. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-521977

ABSTRACT

Type II diabetes is a disease characterized by insuline resistance and abnormalities of the B-cells, and it is associated with hyperglucosanemia, the increase of the production of hepatic glucose and with obesity. This article refers to a new therapeutic tool for the treatment of type II diabetes: the incretin system. The efficacy and safety of incretin therapy for diabetes mellitus type II, is referred in the article. Furher studies are required to achieve a definitive evaluative conclusion about these therapeutic agents.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bariatric Surgery , /diagnosis , /therapy , Incretins/therapeutic use , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/therapeutic use
13.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(6): 1039-1049, ago. 2008. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-492936

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance is predicted to dramatically increase over the next two decades. Clinical therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have traditionally included lifestyle modification, oral anti-diabetic agents, and ultimately insulin initiation. In this report, we review the clinical trial results of two innovative T2DM treatment therapies that are based on the glucoregulatory effects of incretin hormones. Incretin mimetics are peptide drugs that mimic several of the actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and have been shown to lower glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels in patients with T2DM. Additionally, incretin mimetics lower postprandial and fasting glucose, suppress elevated glucagon release, and are associated with progressive weight reduction. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors increase endogenous GLP-1 levels by inhibiting the enzymatic degradation of GLP-1. Clinical studies in patients with T2DM have shown that DPP-4 inhibitors reduce elevated A1C, lower postprandial and fasting glucose, suppress glucagon release, and are weight neutral. Collectively, these new drugs, given in combination with other antidiabetic agents, such as metformin, sulfonylureas, and/or thiazolidinediones, can help restore glucose homeostasis in poorly controlled patients with T2DM.


É previsto que a prevalência de diabetes e a intolerância à glicose aumente dramaticamente ao longo das próximas duas décadas. As terapias clínicas para diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2) têm tradicionalmente incluído modificação do estilo de vida, agentes antidiabéticos orais e, por último, o início da insulina. Neste artigo, revisamos os resultados dos estudos clínicos de duas terapias inovadoras no tratamento do DM2 baseadas nos efeitos glicorregulatórios dos hormônios incretina. Os incretinomiméticos são medicamentos peptídeos que mimetizam várias das ações do peptídeo semelhante ao glucagon-1 (GLP-1) e têm demonstrado reduzir níveis de hemoglobina glicada (A1C) em pacientes com DM2. Adicionalmente, incretinomiméticos reduzem as glicemias pós-prandial e de jejum, suprimem a liberação elevada do glucagon, e são associados com redução de peso. Os inibidores da dipeptidil peptidase-4 (DPP-4) aumentam os níveis de GLP-1 endógeno pela inibição da degradação enzimática do GLP-1. Estudos clínicos em pacientes com DM2 têm demonstrado que inibidores da DPP-4 reduzem A1C elevada, reduzem as glicemias pós-prandial e de jejum, suprimem a liberação elevada do glucagon e são neutros quanto ao peso. Coletivamente, estas novas medicações, administradas em combinação com outros agentes antidiabéticos, como metformina, sulfoniluréias e/ou tiazolidinedionas (TZDs), podem ajudar a recuperar a homeostase glicêmica de pacientes com DM2 não-controlados.


Subject(s)
Humans , /drug therapy , Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Incretins/therapeutic use , Adamantane/analogs & derivatives , Adamantane/therapeutic use , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Body Weight/drug effects , Fasting , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/analogs & derivatives , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/drug effects , Glycated Hemoglobin/drug effects , Nitriles/therapeutic use , Postprandial Period , Peptides/therapeutic use , Pyrazines/therapeutic use , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use , Triazoles/therapeutic use , Venoms/therapeutic use
14.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-39911

ABSTRACT

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a worldwide health problem. Adequate glycemic control can help to prevent many chronic diabetic complications. Despite the availability of several classes of oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin, many patients fail to achieve adequate glycemic control. Incretins are gut hormones produced in response to ingestion of nutrients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), one of the incretin hormones, has pleiotropic actions on the control of blood glucose. Clinical trials with the incretin mimetic and Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors demonstrate promising results in the improvement of glucose homeostasis.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/drug effects , Humans , Incretins/therapeutic use
15.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(2): 279-287, mar. 2008.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-480997

ABSTRACT

Desde o Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), a terapia insulínica intensiva tem sido direcionada para alcançar valores de glicemia e hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) tão próximos do normal quanto a segurança permita. Entretanto, a hiperglicemia (especialmente a hiperglicemia pós-prandial) e a hipoglicemia continuam a ser um problema no manejo do diabetes tipo 1. O objetivo de associar outras drogas à terapia insulínica é diminuir a glicemia pós-prandial. A terapia adjunta pode ser dividida em três grupos, conforme seu mecanismo de ação: 1. Aumento da ação da insulina (metformina e tiazolidinedionas); 2. Alteração da liberação de nutrientes no trato gastrintestinal (acarbose e amilina); 3. Outros modos de ação [pirenzepina, fator de crescimento insulina-símile (IGF-1) e peptídeo semelhante ao glucagon 1 (GLP-1). Muitos desses agentes mostraram, em estudos de curto prazo, diminuição de 0,5 por cento a 1 por cento na HbA1c, diminuir a hiperglicemia pós-prandial e as doses diárias de insulina.


Since Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), intensive therapy has been directed at achieving glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values as close to normal as possible regarding safety issues. However, hyperglycemia (especially postprandial hyperglycemia) and hypoglicemia continue to be problematic in the management of type 1 diabetes. The objective of associating other drugs to insulin therapy is to achieve better metabolic control lowering postprandial blood glucose levels. Adjunctive therapies can be divided in four categories based on their mechanism of action: enhancement of insulin action (e.g. the biguanides and thiazolidinediones), alteration of gastrointestinal nutrient delivery (e.g. acarbose and amylin) and other targets of action (e.g. pirenzepine, insulin-like growth factor I and glucagon-like peptide-1). Many of these agents have been found to be effective in short-term studies with decreases in HbA1c of 0.5-1 percent, lowering postprandial blood glucose levels and decreasing daily insulin doses.


Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Thiazolidinediones/therapeutic use , Acarbose/metabolism , Acarbose/therapeutic use , Amyloid/metabolism , Amyloid/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/analogs & derivatives , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/therapeutic use , Hyperglycemia/drug therapy , Hyperglycemia/metabolism , Hypoglycemia/drug therapy , Incretins/metabolism , Incretins/therapeutic use , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/therapeutic use , Metformin/therapeutic use , Muscarinic Antagonists/metabolism , Muscarinic Antagonists/therapeutic use , Postprandial Period , Pirenzepine/metabolism , Pirenzepine/therapeutic use
16.
Evid. actual. práct. ambul ; 11(1): 28-29, ene.-feb. 2008.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-516518

ABSTRACT

Los tratamientos para la diabetes tipo 2 suelen ser menos efectivos a lo largo del tiempo, tanto por una progresiva falla de la secreción de insulina por las células beta, como por diversos efectos adversos. En la presente nota se describe un grupo de nuevos fármacos que actúan a través de la via de la incretina, tanto los incretina-miméticos (análogos del péptido glucagon símil-1[GLP-1]) como el exenatide, como los inhibidores de la enzima que degrada la incretina, la dipeptidilpeptidasa-4 (DPP4). Ellos se indican cuando no se logra buen control glucémico a pesar de un tratamiento adecuado combinado de sulfonilureas y metformina. Las conclusiones de una reciente revisión sistemática son detalladas. Hacen falta estudios de farmacovigilancia adecuados de efectos adversos, especialmente entre los inhibidores de la DPP4, y estudios a más largo plazo, para determinar el rol de esta nueva clase de agentes en la diabetes tipo 2.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/therapy , Dipeptidases , Incretins/therapeutic use , Therapeutics , Glycemic Index
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